Научни изследвания за 5G, 4G, малки клетки, безжична радиация и здравето
Scientific Research on 5G, 4G, Small Cells, Wireless Radiation and Health
https://ehtrust.org/scientific-research-on-5g-and-health/
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Published Scientific Research on 5G, Small Cells Wireless and Health
Published
peer reviewed science already indicates that the current wireless technologies
of 2G, 3G and 4G – in use today with our cell phones, computers and wearable
tech – creates (create) radiofrequency exposures which poses (pose) a serious health risk to humans,
animals and the environment. Scientists are cautioning that before
rolling out 5G, research on human health effects urgently needs to be done
first to ensure the public and environment are protected.
“Small
cells” are microwave antennas (basically shorter cell towers) rapidly being
installed in public areas on utility poles and street lights in front of homes,
parks and schools. Just like cell towers, these wireless antennas generate and
emit microwave radiofrequency (RF) radiation to transmit 2G, 3G and 4G network
signals. Companies soon plan to add a new technology called 5G which will use current
4G technology plus even higher frequencies. The higher frequencies include
millimeter-wave emissions that were not previously released into public areas.
Companies
state that these 4G and 5G antennas will increase the wireless
radiation levels in the area so much that they are working to loosen several
governments’ radiation limits in order to roll it out. More than 240 scientists
published an appeal to the
United Nations to reduce public exposure and called for a moratorium on 5G citing “established”
adverse biological effects of RF radiation.
5G will
utilize not only the frequencies currently in use, but also higher millimeter
wave and sub-millimeter wave frequencies. Small cells being installed in cities
are usually 4G technology with a wide variety of frequencies. Thus, when we
consider the health impacts of 5G and small cells we are looking at research on
current technologies and frequencies in use in addition to research on
sub-millimeter and millimeter waves. The 5G standard is new there
are no studies that have looked at long term human exposure to 5G. However the
current body of research finding effects from current wireless technology
provides enough data for scientists to call for a moratorium.
This page
lists a small sampling of research on 5G, millimeter waves, cellular antennas,
the environment and human health.
Published Research Documents Adverse
Effects of RF Exposure
“5G Wireless Expansion: Public Health
and Environmental Implications” is a research review that documents the
range of reported adverse effects of RF and millimeter waves—effects range from
cancer to bacteria growth changes to DNA damage. The study concludes that “a
moratorium on the deployment of 5G is warranted” and “the addition of this
added high frequency 5G radiation to an already complex mix of lower
frequencies, will contribute to a negative public health outcome … from both
physical and mental health perspectives” (Russell 2018).
“Adverse Health
Effects of 5G Mobile Networking Technology Under Real Life Conditions” identifies the
wide-spectrum of adverse health effects of non-ionizing non-visible radiation
and concludes that 5 G mobile networking technology will affect not only the
skin and eyes, but will have adverse
(вредни) systemic
effects as well. They state that 5G will increase the cell tower densities by
an order of magnitude. Radiation could penetrate much deeper into a small
animal in comparison to a human, because of the much smaller animal size.
The researchers point out that most laboratory experiments were not designed to
identify the more severe adverse effects reflective of real-life conditions.
For example, they do not include the real-life pulsing and modulation of the
carrier signal and do not reflect the real life exposures of various
modulations. In addition, the vast majority of experiments do not account for
synergistic adverse effects of other toxic stimuli with wireless radiation
despite the reality that people are exposed to a myriad of toxic insults every
day. Science has documented additive, synergistic, potentiative, and/or
antagonistic effects created by the combination of exposures. Combined exposure
to a toxic stimuli and wireless translates into much lower levels of tolerance
for each toxic stimulus and the exposure limits for wireless radiation when
examined in combination with other potentially toxic stimuli would be far lower
for safety purposes than those derived from wireless radiation exposures in
isolation.
The authors
contend that almost all of the wireless radiation laboratory experiments that
have been performed to date are flawed/limited with respect to showing the full
adverse impact of the wireless radiation that would be expected under real-life
conditions because they did not include signal information and only used single
stressors. The researchers conclude that in aggregate, for the high frequency
(radiofrequency-RF) part of the spectrum, currently published reviews show that
RF radiation below the FCC guidelines can result in: carcinogenicity (brain
tumors/glioma, breast cancer, acoustic neuromas, leukemia, parotid gland
tumors), genotoxicity (DNA damage, DNA repair inhibition, chromatin structure),
mutagenicity, teratogenicity, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s
Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), neurobehavioral problems, autism,
reproductive problems, pregnancy outcomes, excessive reactive oxygen species/oxidative
stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, pineal
gland/melatonin production, sleep disturbance, headache, irritability, fatigue,
concentration difficulties, depression, dizziness, tinnitus, burning and
flushed skin, digestive disturbance, tremor, cardiac irregularities, adverse
impacts on the neural, circulatory, immune, endocrine, and skeletal systems”
and “from this perspective, RF is a highly pervasive cause of disease” (Kostoff et al., 2020)
“Towards 5G communication systems: Are
there health implications?” is a research review detailing research findings that
millimeter waves can alter gene expression, promote cellular proliferation and
synthesis of proteins linked with oxidative stress, inflammatory and metabolic
processes.” The researchers conclude, “available findings seem sufficient to
demonstrate the existence of biomedical effects, to invoke the precautionary
principle” (Di Ciaula 2018).
“Systematic Derivation of Safety Limits
for Time-Varying 5G Radiofrequency Exposure Based on Analytical Models and
Thermal Dose”
documents how significant tissue heating can be generated by 5G technology’s
rapid short bursts of energy. “The results also show that the
peak-to-average ratio of 1,000 tolerated by the International Council on
Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines may lead to permanent tissue
damage after even short exposures, highlighting the importance of revisiting
existing exposure guidelines.” (Neufeld and Kuster 2018)
“The Human Skin as a Sub-THz Receiver –
Does 5G Pose a Danger to It or Not?” and “The Modeling of the
Absorbance of Sub-THz Radiation by Human Skin” are two papers by physicists
presenting research that found higher 5G frequencies are intensely absorbed
into human sweat ducts (in skin), at much higher absorption levels than other
parts of our skin’s tissues (Betzalel 2017, Betzalel 2018). The researchers conclude, “we are raising a
warning flag against the unrestricted use of sub-THz technologies for
communication, before the possible consequences for public health are
explored.”
“Exposure of Insects
to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields from 2 to 120 GHz” published in
Scientific Reports is the first study to investigate how insects (including the
Western honeybee) absorb the higher frequencies (2 GHz to 120 GHz) to be used
in the 4G/5G rollout. The scientific simulations showed increases in absorbed
power between 3% to 370% when the insects were exposed to the frequencies.
Researchers concluded, “This could lead to changes in insect behaviour,
physiology, and morphology over time….” (Thielens 2018)
Review Publications on Electromagnetic
Radiation and RF
A 2019
literature review “Oxidative mechanisms
of biological activity of low-intensity radiofrequency radiation” found that 93 of
the 100 peer-reviewed studies dealing with oxidative effects of low-intensity
RFR, confirmed that RFR induces oxidative effects in biological systems.
“Planetary
Electromagnetic Pollution: It Is Time to Assess Its Impact” published in The
Lancet documents the significant increase in environmental levels of
radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic wireless radiation over the last two
decades. The study cites an evaluation that found 68.2% of 2266 studies in
humans, animals, and plants demonstrated significant biological or health
effects associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields. 89% of
experimental studies that investigated oxidative stress endpoints showed
significant effects and “radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation causes DNA
damage apparently through oxidative stress. The paper also highlights research
that has associated RF exposure with altered neurodevelopment and behavioural
disorders, structural and functional changes in the brain and the sensitivity
of pollinators. “These findings deserve urgent attention.This weight of
scientific evidence refutes the prominent claim that the deployment of wireless
technologies poses no health risks at the currently permitted non-thermal
radiofrequency exposure levels.” (Bandara and Carpenter
2018)
The review “Thermal and non-thermal health effects
of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective” published by
researchers of the European Cancer Environment Research Institute in
Brussels, Belgium and the Institute for Health and the Environment, University
at Albany, NY, USA reviews current research findings and states that, “the
mechanism(s) responsible include induction of reactive oxygen species, gene
expression alteration and DNA damage through both epigenetic and genetic
processes.” The paper states that “exposure to low frequency and radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields at low intensities poses a significant health hazard
that has not been adequately addressed by national and international organizations
such as the World Health Organization.”
The
literature review “Effect of
radiofrequency radiation on reproductive health” published by the
Division of Reproductive Biology & Maternal Health, Child Health, Indian
Council of Medical Research documents research that has found a link between
radiofrequency radiation and oxidative stress and changes to the reproductive
system including sperm count, motility, normal morphology and viability. The
review concludes that the “available data indicate that exposure to EMF can
cause adverse health effects. It is also reported that biological effects may
occur at very low levels of exposure.”
A 2010
landmark review study on 56 studies that
reported biological effects found at very low intensities, including impacts on
reproduction, permeability of the blood-brain barrier, behavior, cellular and
metabolic changes, and increases in cancer risk (Lai and Levitt 2010).
Cancer
Cancer epidemiology
update, following the 2011 IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields
is a comprehensive research review of RF effects in human and animal research.
The review concludes that scientific evidence is now adequate to conclude
radiofrequency radiation is carcinogenic to humans (Miller 2018). Several previously
published studies also concluded that RF can “cause” cancer, for example, Hardell 2017, Atzman 2016 and Peleg 2018.
The US National
Toxicology Program (NTP) Study on Cell Phone Radiation found “clear evidence” of
cancer, heart damage and DNA damage in a $30-million study designed to
test the basis for federal safety limits (NIEHS 2018). The heart and
brain cancers found in the NTP rats are the same cell type as tumors that
researchers have found to be increased in humans who have
used cell phones for over 10 years. Thus, researchers say this animal evidence
confirms the human evidence associating the exposure to cancer(Hardell 2019.)
The Ramazzini
Institute (RI) Study on Base Station RF was another large scale rat study that also found increases in
the same heart cancers that the NTP study found—yet the Ramazzini rats
were exposed to much lower levels of RF than the NTP rats. In fact, all the RI
Ramazzini radiation exposures were below FCC limits, as the study was
specifically designed to test the safety of RF limits for cell tower/base
stations (Falconi 2018.) Thus the Ramazzini
study corroborates the NTP findings.
Tumor promotion by
exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields below exposure limits for
humans”
is a replication study that used very, very low RF exposures (lower than the
Ramazzini and NTP study) and combined the RF with a known carcinogen.
Researchers found elevated lymphoma and significantly higher numbers of tumors
in the lungs and livers in the animals exposed to both RF and the carcinogen,
leading researchers to state that previous research (Tillman 2010) was confirmed and
that “our results show that electromagnetic
fields obviously enhance the growth of tumors” (Lerchl 2015).
Environment
“A review of the
ecological effects of RF-EMF” reviewed 113 studies finding RF-EMF had a
significant effect on birds, insects, other vertebrates, other organisms and
plants in 70% of the studies (Cucurachi 2013). Development and
reproduction in birds and insects were the most strongly affected. As an
example of the several studies on wildlife impacts, a study focusing on RF from
antennas found increased sperm abnormalities in mice exposed to RF from GSM
antennas (Otitoloju 2010).
Studies on
bees have found behavioral effects (Kumar 2011, Favre 2011), disrupted
navigation Goldsworthy 2009, Sainudeen 2011, Kimmel et al. 2007) decreasing egg
laying rate (Sharma and Kumar,
2010)
and reduced colony strength (Sharma and Kumar,
2010,
Harst et al. 2006).
5G and the
Internet of Things will increase overall use of all types of wireless
frequencies.
A published
review of effects of Wi-Fi radiation entitled, “Wi-Fi is an important
threat to human health” found that “repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi
causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects
including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and
calcium overload.
“The Impact of
radiofrequency radiation on DNA damage and antioxidants in peripheral blood
lymphocytes of humans residing in the vicinity of mobile phone base station” is a research study
that compared people living close (within 80 meters) and far (more than 300
meters away) from cellular antennas and found that the people living closer had
several significant changes in their blood predictive of cancer development (Zothansiama 2017). An earlier 2016 study looking at 116
persons exposed to radiation from mobile towers and 106 control subjects found
DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Gulati 2016).
“Mortality by
neoplasia and cellular telephone base stations” is a 10 year study by the Belo
Horizonte Brazil Health Department and several universities in Brazil that
found an elevated relative risk of cancer mortality at residential distances of
500 meters or less from cell installations (Dode 2011). Shortly after this
study was published, the city prosecutor sued several cell phone companies and
requested that almost half of the city’s antennas be removed. Many antennas
were dismantled.
A 2019 study of students in
schools near cell towers found their higher RF exposure was associated with
impacts on motor skills, memory and attention (Meo 2019). Examples of other
effects linked to cell towers in research studies include neuropsychiatric problems, elevated diabetes, headaches, sleep problems and genetic damage.
Research on 3G and 4G
3G and 4G
technology is still very much in use around the world. In addition, 5G devices
will also have 4G emissions and 5G will use the frequencies currently used in
2G, 3G and 4G.
A 2019 study
on human blood found microwave 3G MT EMF/radiation – within the current
exposure limits – had significant genotoxic action on human cells (Panagopoulos 2019). A series of
landmark papers found that effects from microwaves on human lymphocytes can be
dependant on carrier frequency (Belyaev 2005), that UMTS
(3G) microwaves can affect chromatin and inhibit formation of DNA
double-strand breaks (Belyaev 2009) and that stem
cells are most sensitive to microwave exposure (Belyaev 2010). Children have more
active stem cells.
4G or the
fourth generation of cellular technology called Long Term Evolution or LTE was
launched without premarket safety testing for long term exposure.
Published research has found behavioral changes in mice (Broom 2019); damage to the
testes and reproductive potential in mice (Yu 2019); reduction to EEG alpha
power (Vecsei 2018); modulation to
resting state EEG on alpha and beta bands (Yang 2017); alteration of spontaneous low frequency
fluctuations induced by the acute LTE RF-EMF exposure (Lv 2014).
The
Building Industry
The paper “Building science and
radiofrequency radiation: What makes smart and healthy buildings” with a long list of
authors including former Microsoft Canada President Frank Clegg as well as
Anthony Miller MD former Director of the Epidemiology Unit of the National
Cancer Institute of Canada reviews research finding adverse health effects
below regulatory limits and recommends reducing radiofrequency radiation
in buildings by installing wired rather than wireless
internet connections and corded rather than cordless phones (Clegg 2019).
The
Collaborative for High Performance Schools has developed Best Practices for LOW
EMF classrooms that details how schools can replace wireless networks with
wired networks. See CHPS Low EMF Criteria
Cell Towers and Health
A 2014 publication in Environmental
Science & Policy by human rights experts argue that cell tower placement is
a human rights issue for children because “the protection of children is a high
threshold norm in Human Right law and the binding language of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child obliges States Parties to provide a
higher standard of protection for children than adults” and “any widespread or
systematic form of environmental pollution that poses a long-term threat to a child’s
rights to life, development or health may constitute an international human
rights violation.” The article concludes that the “dearth of legislation
to regulate the installation of base stations (cell towers) in close proximity
to children’s facilities and schools clearly constitutes a human rights
concern…” (Roda and Perry 2014).
“Safety Zone
Determination for Wireless Cellular Tower – A Case Study from Tanzania” published in the
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology evaluated the
radiation levels and concluded that “respective authorities should ensure that
people reside far from the tower by 120m or more depending on the power
transmitted to avoid severe health effect.”
“Long-term exposure to microwave
radiation provokes cancer growth: evidences from radars and mobile
communication systems”
published in Experimental Oncology reviews research findings on RF-EMF and
states that it is “becoming increasingly evident that assessment of biological
effects of non-ionizing radiation based on physical (thermal) approach used in
recommendations of current regulatory bodies, including the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines, requires
urgent reevaluation.” The paper concluded that “everyday exposure of both
occupational and general public to MW radiation should be regulated based on a
precautionary principles which imply maximum restriction of excessive exposure”
(Yakymenko 2011)
A
cross-sectional case control study on genetic damage in individuals living near
cell towers found genetic damage parameters of DNA were significantly
elevated (Gandhi 2015).
“Epidemiological
Evidence for a Health Risk from Mobile Phone Base Stations” published in the
International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health reviewed 10
epidemiological studies that assessed for health effects of mobile phone base
stations and found that eight of the 10 studies reported increased prevalence
of adverse neurobehavioral symptoms or cancer in populations living at
distances < 500 meters from base stations. The review concludes that”
current guidelines may be inadequate in protecting the health of human populations”
(Khurana 2010).
“Increased Incidence
of Cancer Near a Cell-Phone Transmitter Station” published in the International
Journal of Cancer Prevention found a four-fold increase in the incidence
of cancer among residents living within 300m radius of a mobile phone mast
after three and seven years of exposure (Wolf 2004).
“The Influence of
Being Physically Near to a Cell Phone Transmission Mast on the Incidence of
Cancer”
found a three-fold increase in the incidence of malignant tumours after five
years’ exposure in people living within 400m radius of a mobile phone mast (Eger 2004)
Cell Antennas Increase Exposures in
Communities
A 2019 study found increased
RF-EMF exposure from small cell LTE networks in two urban cities in France and
the Netherlands. Researchers measured the RF-EMF from LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
MC (macro cells meaning large cell towers) and SC networks (low-powered small
cell base stations) and found that the small cell networks increased the
radio emissions from base stations (called downlink) a factor of 7–46 while
decreasing the radio emissions from user equipment exposure (called ) a factor
of 5–17. So while the devices themselves could emit less radiation, the cell
antennas will increase the levels from cell antennas (Mazloum 2019). This study shows
the increased exposures would be involuntary. We can turn our phone off, but we
cannot turn off the antennas in the neighborhood.
An Australian study also found that
children in kindergartens with nearby antenna installations had nearly
three-and-a-half times higher RF exposures than children with installations
further away (more than 300 meters (Bhatt 2016).
A 2018
multi-country study that measured RF in
several countries found that cell phone tower radiation is the dominant
contributor to RF exposure in most outdoor areas exposure in urban areas was
higher and that exposure has drastically increased. As an example, the
measurements the researchers took in Los Angeles, USA were 70 times higher than
the US EPA estimate 40 years ago (Sagar 2018).
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